Sex-Doll History Source Register

Source keys used throughout the package resolve to this register. Commercial sources are used for their own products, branding, and chronology and are not foundational evidence for ancient or disputed origins. Current statutes, standards, product pages, and policies require publication-date verification.

Core sex-doll, sex-robot, and technology scholarship #

S001 — Bo Ruberg. “Sex Dolls at Sea: Imagined Histories of Sexual Technologies.” MIT Press, 2022. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262543675/sex-dolls-at-sea/
Role: Core archival and historiographical source. Editorial note: Principal corrective to the sailor-made dames de voyage origin story and major source for nineteenth-century rubber women.

S002 — Anthony Ferguson. “The Sex Doll: A History.” McFarland, 2010. https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/the-sex-doll/
Role: Broad historical synthesis. Editorial note: Useful for discovery and chronology; individual claims require corroboration.

S003 — Hallie Lieberman. “Buzz: A Stimulating History of the Sex Toy.” Pegasus Books, 2017. https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Buzz/Hallie-Lieberman/9781681775432
Role: Sex-toy industry context. Editorial note: Used for industrial, legal, and retail context rather than as sole support for ancient claims.

S004 — Nicola Döring, M. Rohangis Mohseni, and Roberto Walter. “Design, Use, and Effects of Sex Dolls and Sex Robots: Scoping Review.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22(7), 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/18551. https://www.jmir.org/2020/7/e18551/
Role: Modern evidence synthesis. Editorial note: Systematic review of design, users, use, and claimed effects.

S005 — Kate Devlin. “Turned On: Science, Sex and Robots.” Bloomsbury, 2018. https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/turned-on-9781472950871/
Role: Robotics and design history. Editorial note: Use with technical and company records for product-specific claims.

S006 — John Danaher and Neil McArthur, eds… “Robot Sex: Social and Ethical Implications.” MIT Press, 2017. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262534151/robot-sex/
Role: Ethics and category formation. Editorial note: Interpretive rather than a primary product chronology.

S007 — Kathleen Richardson. “The Asymmetrical “Relationship”: Parallels Between Prostitution and the Development of Sex Robots.” ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society 45(3), 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2874239.2874281. https://doi.org/10.1145/2874239.2874281
Role: Critical theory and ethics. Editorial note: Represents one influential critical position.

S008 — Kathleen Richardson. “An Anthropology of Robots and AI: Annihilation Anxiety and Machines.” Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137461277. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137461277
Role: Anthropology of artificial persons. Editorial note: Context for embodiment and substitution narratives.

S009 — Matthias Scheutz and Thomas Arnold. “Are We Ready for Sex Robots?.” 2016 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451772. https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451772
Role: Public attitudes and category debate. Editorial note: Survey evidence should not be mistaken for evidence of product adoption.

S010 — Chantal Cox-George and Susan Bewley. “I, Sex Robot: The Health Implications of the Sex Robot Industry.” BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health 44(3), 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2017-200012. https://srh.bmj.com/content/44/3/161
Role: Health-claim audit. Editorial note: Emphasizes evidence gaps; does not establish therapeutic benefit.

S011 — Neil McArthur and Markie L. C. Twist. “The Rise of Digisexuality: Therapeutic Challenges and Possibilities.” Sexual and Relationship Therapy 32(3–4), 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2017.1397950. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2017.1397950
Role: Digital sexuality terminology. Editorial note: Useful for the boundary between embodied dolls and disembodied systems.

S012 — Noel Sharkey, Aimee van Wynsberghe, Scott Robbins, and Eleanor Hancock. “Our Sexual Future with Robots.” Foundation for Responsible Robotics, 2017. https://responsiblerobotics.org/2017/07/05/frr-report-our-sexual-future-with-robots/
Role: Ethics and policy landscape. Editorial note: Claims and product status require independent verification.

S013 — David Levy. “Love and Sex with Robots.” HarperCollins, 2007. https://www.harpercollins.com/products/love-and-sex-with-robots-david-levy
Role: Intellectual history of sex-robot forecasts. Editorial note: Forecasts are treated as forecasts, not evidence of adoption.

S014 — Julie Wosk. “My Fair Ladies: Female Robots, Androids, and Other Artificial Eves.” Rutgers University Press, 2015. https://www.rutgersuniversitypress.org/my-fair-ladies/9780813563381/
Role: Cultural history of artificial women. Editorial note: Strong source for literary and visual precedents.

Artificial people, automata, art, and cultural theory #

S015 — Minsoo Kang. “Sublime Dreams of Living Machines: The Automaton in the European Imagination.” Harvard University Press, 2011. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674049352
Role: Automata history. Editorial note: Used to prevent automata from being mislabeled as sex dolls.

S016 — Jessica Riskin. “The Restless Clock: A History of the Centuries-Long Argument over What Makes Living Things Tick.” University of Chicago Press, 2016. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo21519700.html
Role: History of mechanism and life simulation. Editorial note: Contextual source.

S017 — Adelheid Voskuhl. “Androids in the Enlightenment: Mechanics, Artisans, and Cultures of the Self.” University of Chicago Press, 2013. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/A/bo13171056.html
Role: History of androids. Editorial note: Contextual source; androids are not treated as sexual products absent direct evidence.

S018 — Gaby Wood. “Edison’s Eve: A Magical History of the Quest for Mechanical Life.” Anchor/Knopf, 2002. https://search.worldcat.org/title/edisons-eve-a-magical-history-of-the-quest-for-mechanical-life/oclc/48091904
Role: Automata and artificial-person narratives. Editorial note: Use with specialist histories.

S019 — Sue Taylor. “Hans Bellmer: The Anatomy of Anxiety.” MIT Press, 2000. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262700771/hans-bellmer/
Role: Bellmer art history. Editorial note: Primary interpretive source for Bellmer’s dolls.

S020 — Therese Lichtenstein. “Behind Closed Doors: The Art of Hans Bellmer.” University of California Press, 2001. https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520227026/behind-closed-doors
Role: Bellmer art history. Editorial note: Supports the art-object classification.

S021 — Hal Foster. “Compulsive Beauty.” MIT Press, 1993. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262561204/compulsive-beauty/
Role: Surrealism and the uncanny. Editorial note: Interpretive context.

S022 — Bonnie Roos. “Oskar Kokoschka’s Sex Toy: The Women and the Doll Who Conceived the Artist.” Modernism/modernity, 2005. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/183992
Role: Kokoschka doll evidence and interpretation. Editorial note: The provocative article title does not make the object a commercial product.

S023 — Agnès Giard. “Un désir d’humain: Les ‘Love Doll’ au Japon.” Les Belles Lettres, 2016. https://www.lesbelleslettres.com/livre/9782251722290/un-desir-d-humain
Role: Japanese love-doll history and ethnography. Editorial note: Major source for Japanese terminology, manufacturers, and owner practices.

S024 — Anne Allison. “Millennial Monsters: Japanese Toys and the Global Imagination.” University of California Press, 2006. https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520245655/millennial-monsters
Role: Japanese commodity and affect context. Editorial note: Not a sex-doll history; used for broader material-culture context.

S025 — Patrick W. Galbraith. “The Moe Manifesto.” Tuttle Publishing, 2014. https://www.tuttlepublishing.com/japan/the-moe-manifesto
Role: Japanese affective and fictional attachments. Editorial note: Contextual and not evidence of doll ownership.

S026 — Elena Dorfman. “Still Lovers.” Channel Photographics/Aperture, 2005. https://www.elenadorfman.com/still-lovers
Role: Modern representation and owner testimony. Editorial note: Artistic selection limits representativeness.

S099 — Donna Haraway. “A Cyborg Manifesto.” Socialist Review / later collected editions, 1985. https://monoskop.org/images/4/4c/Haraway_Donna_1985_A_Manifesto_for_Cyborgs_Science_Technology_and_Socialist_Feminism_in_the_1980s.pdf
Role: Gender, technology, and embodiment. Editorial note: Theory is identified as interpretation, not evidence of product history.

S100 — Sherry Turkle. “Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other.” Basic Books, 2011. https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/sherry-turkle/alone-together/9780465031467/
Role: Artificial companionship context. Editorial note: Not sex-doll-specific.

S101 — Sherry Turkle. “The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit.” MIT Press, 2005. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262701112/the-second-self/
Role: Human-machine relationship history. Editorial note: Contextual.

S102 — Elaine L. Graham. “Representations of the Post/Human: Monsters, Aliens and Others in Popular Culture.” Manchester University Press, 2002. https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9780719054426/
Role: Posthuman cultural theory. Editorial note: Interpretive context.

Materials, industry, retail, and sex-toy history #

S027 — Stephen L. Harp. “A World History of Rubber: Empire, Industry, and the Everyday.” Wiley-Blackwell, 2016. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/A+World+History+of+Rubber%3A+Empire%2C+Industry%2C+and+the+Everyday-p-9781118934227
Role: Rubber industrial history. Editorial note: Context for material availability and global supply.

S028 — John Tully. “The Devil’s Milk: A Social History of Rubber.” Monthly Review Press, 2011. https://monthlyreview.org/product/devils_milk/
Role: Rubber labor and commodity history. Editorial note: Prevents a purely technological material narrative.

S029 — John Loadman. “Tears of the Tree: The Story of Rubber—A Modern Marvel.” Oxford University Press, 2005. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/tears-of-the-tree-9780198568407
Role: Rubber chemistry and industry. Editorial note: Contextual source.

S030 — James E. Mark, Burak Erman, and Mike Roland, eds… “The Science and Technology of Rubber.” Academic Press, 2013. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780123945846/the-science-and-technology-of-rubber
Role: Materials science. Editorial note: Used for general properties, not product-specific health claims.

S031 — Hallie Lieberman. “Selling Sex Toys: Marketing and the Meaning of Vibrators in Early Twentieth-Century America.” Enterprise & Society, 2016. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/enterprise-and-society/article/selling-sex-toys-marketing-and-the-meaning-of-vibrators-in-early-twentiethcentury-america/22E463A1B220B723BEFE776F605DB64B
Role: Marketing and obscenity context. Editorial note: Vibrator-centered but useful for coded adult-product commerce.

S032 — Lynn Comella. “Vibrator Nation: How Feminist Sex-Toy Stores Changed the Business of Pleasure.” Duke University Press, 2017. https://www.dukeupress.edu/vibrator-nation
Role: Feminist retail history. Editorial note: Used for retail context rather than sex-doll invention claims.

Primary texts, museums, archives, and object records #

S033 — Ovid. “Metamorphoses, Book 10: Pygmalion.” Perseus Digital Library, 8. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Ov. Met. 10.243
Role: Artificial-person myth. Editorial note: Literary narrative, not evidence of a physical sex doll.

S034 — Homer. “Iliad, Book 18: Hephaestus’s Golden Attendants.” Perseus Digital Library, c. 8th century BCE. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom. Il. 18.417
Role: Artificial-person myth. Editorial note: Not a sexual-device source.

S035 — E. T. A. Hoffmann. “The Sandman.” Project Gutenberg / public-domain editions, 1816. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/search/?query=E.T.A.+Hoffmann+Sandman
Role: Automaton and desire in fiction. Editorial note: Fictional representation.

S036 — Auguste Villiers de l’Isle-Adam. “L’Ève future.” Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica, 1886. https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&query=dc.title all "L'Eve future"
Role: Artificial-woman fiction. Editorial note: Fictional and philosophical, not product evidence.

S037 — Iwan Bloch. “The Sexual Life of Our Time in Its Relations to Modern Civilization.” Rebman / Internet Archive, 1909. https://archive.org/details/sexuallifeofourt00blociala
Role: Early description of artificial sexual substitutes. Editorial note: Must be read critically as sexology, report, and hearsay.

S038 — Havelock Ellis. “Studies in the Psychology of Sex.” Internet Archive, 1897. https://archive.org/search?query=creator%3A(Havelock+Ellis)+AND+title%3A(Studies+in+the+Psychology+of+Sex)
Role: Sexological context. Editorial note: Not proof of product prevalence.

S039 — Sigmund Freud. “The Uncanny.” Standard Edition / public scholarly editions, 1919. https://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/freud1.pdf
Role: Dolls, animation, and uncanny interpretation. Editorial note: Theory, not material history.

S040 — Ernst Jentsch. “On the Psychology of the Uncanny.” Psychiatrisch-Neurologische Wochenschrift, 1906. https://www.art3idea.psu.edu/locus/Jentsch_uncanny.pdf
Role: Automata and uncertainty. Editorial note: Theory, not product evidence.

S041 — The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “[Alma Mahler Doll Made for Oskar Kokoschka by Hermine Moos].” The Met Collection, object 2018.821, 1919. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/811532
Role: Kokoschka provenance and chronology. Editorial note: Image licensing must be checked separately.

S042 — Museum of Modern Art. “Hans Bellmer collection and artist records.” MoMA, ongoing. https://www.moma.org/artists/452
Role: Bellmer object records. Editorial note: Museum description does not establish ordinary sexual use.

S043 — Tate. “Hans Bellmer: artist and collection records.” Tate, ongoing. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/hans-bellmer-730
Role: Bellmer object records. Editorial note: Image rights are not implied by object age.

S044 — Jean-Léon Gérôme. “Pygmalion and Galatea, accession 27.200.” Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1890. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436483
Role: Visual history of the Pygmalion myth. Editorial note: Artwork is a modern reception of an ancient text.

S045 — Science Museum Group. “Bild Lilli doll.” Science Museum Group Collection, object 2000-531, ongoing. https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co527238/bild-lilli-doll-made-of-all-rigid-plastic-with-jointd-limbs
Role: Bild Lilli and Barbie context. Editorial note: Use to correct conflation of fashion dolls and sex dolls.

S046 — Spielzeugmuseum Nürnberg. “Kunststoffpuppe ‘Bild-Lilli’.” Museums of the City of Nuremberg, ongoing. https://museen.nuernberg.de/spielzeugmuseum/die-sammlung/highlights-spielzeugmuseum/vash/puppe-bild-lilli
Role: Bild Lilli history. Editorial note: Adult novelty/fashion context is not equivalent to a sex doll.

S047 — Mattel. “Mattel corporate history.” Mattel, ongoing. https://corporate.mattel.com/history
Role: Barbie company chronology. Editorial note: Corroborate self-history for disputed claims.

S048 — John W. Ryan. “Doll Construction, US3009284A.” United States Patent Office, 1961. https://patents.google.com/patent/US3009284A/en
Role: Fashion-doll design boundary. Editorial note: Patent does not establish sexual function.

S049 — Charles Goodyear. “Improvement in India-Rubber Fabrics, US3633A.” United States Patent Office, 1844. https://patents.google.com/patent/US3633A/en
Role: Enabling rubber technology. Editorial note: Not a sex-doll patent.

S050 — American Chemical Society. “Charles Goodyear and the Vulcanization of Rubber.” National Historic Chemical Landmarks, ongoing. https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/charles-goodyear.html
Role: Rubber technology chronology. Editorial note: General technology source.

S051 — Bibliothèque nationale de France. “Gallica digital collections and catalog search.” BnF, ongoing. https://gallica.bnf.fr/
Role: French books, periodicals, and catalogs. Editorial note: Individual item rights and metadata require item-level review.

S052 — Wellcome Collection. “Collections search: sexuality, rubber goods, medical and commercial devices.” Wellcome Collection, ongoing. https://wellcomecollection.org/works
Role: Medical and material-culture discovery. Editorial note: Do not infer sexual function from collection keywords.

S053 — Internet Archive. “Digitized edition search for Iwan Bloch and early sexology.” Internet Archive, ongoing. https://archive.org/search?query=Iwan+Bloch
Role: Primary-text access. Editorial note: Scan availability does not settle copyright in every jurisdiction.

S054 — HathiTrust Digital Library. “Catalog and full-text search.” HathiTrust, ongoing. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/
Role: Catalog and text verification. Editorial note: Access varies by jurisdiction.

S055 — OCLC. “WorldCat.” OCLC, ongoing. https://search.worldcat.org/
Role: Edition and publication verification. Editorial note: Not itself substantive historical evidence.

Modern companies, web archives, patents, and technical reporting #

S056 — Abyss Creations / RealDoll. “RealDoll official site and company history.” Abyss Creations, ongoing. https://www.realdoll.com/
Role: Modern product and company claims. Editorial note: Commercial claims require corroboration; current status is live-check required.

S057 — Internet Archive. “Archived RealDoll website snapshots.” Wayback Machine, ongoing. https://web.archive.org/web/*/realdoll.com
Role: Launch language, product chronology, and marketing. Editorial note: Snapshot completeness varies.

S058 — Channel 4. “Matt McMullen interview for The Sex Robots Are Coming.” Channel 4 Press, 2017. https://www.channel4.com/press/news/matt-mcmullen-interview-sex-robots-are-coming
Role: Robotic and AI product claims. Editorial note: Current functionality, availability, and specifications are live-check required.

S059 — Orient Industry. “Orient Industry official site and history.” Orient Industry, ongoing. https://www.orient-doll.com/
Role: Japanese manufacturer chronology. Editorial note: Use with Giard; current company status is live-check required.

S060 — Internet Archive. “Archived TrueCompanion website snapshots.” Wayback Machine, ongoing. https://web.archive.org/web/*/truecompanion.com
Role: Roxxxy claims and marketing chronology. Editorial note: Announcement is not proof of delivery or commercial scale.

S061 — Associated Press. “Sex Robot Appeals with Conversation.” CBS News, 2010. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sex-robot-appeals-with-conversation/
Role: Contemporaneous launch reporting. Editorial note: Press demonstration is not a technical validation.

S062 — BBC News. “Reporting and documentary coverage of sex robots.” BBC, ongoing. https://www.bbc.co.uk/search?q=sex robots
Role: Contemporary public discourse. Editorial note: Use only for dated announcements and public controversy.

S063 — IEEE Spectrum. “Robotics reporting and analysis.” IEEE Spectrum, ongoing. https://spectrum.ieee.org/search?q=sex robot
Role: Robotics context. Editorial note: Use for engineering claims only when the article documents them.

S064 — Google Patents. “Patent search: Matt McMullen / Abyss Creations / sex dolls.” Google Patents, ongoing. https://patents.google.com/?q=(sex+doll)
Role: Patent discovery. Editorial note: Search results require item-level verification; patents do not establish commercialization.

S065 — United States Patent and Trademark Office. “Patent Center.” USPTO, ongoing. https://patentcenter.uspto.gov/
Role: U.S. patent verification. Editorial note: Application and grant status must be distinguished.

S066 — World Intellectual Property Organization. “PATENTSCOPE.” WIPO, ongoing. https://patentscope.wipo.int/
Role: International patent verification. Editorial note: Patent family and legal status require live checking.

Standards, regulation, law, privacy, and policy #

S067 — International Organization for Standardization. “ISO 3533:2021—Sex toys: Design and safety requirements for products in direct contact with genitalia, the anus, or both.” ISO, 2021. https://www.iso.org/standard/79631.html
Role: Modern safety framework. Editorial note: Voluntary standard with defined scope; not a universal legal guarantee.

S068 — European Chemicals Agency. “Phthalates.” ECHA, ongoing. https://echa.europa.eu/hot-topics/phthalates
Role: Chemical-risk and restriction context. Editorial note: Presence, exposure, dose, and legal restriction must be distinguished.

S069 — European Union. “Regulation (EU) 2023/988 on general product safety.” EUR-Lex, 2023. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/988/oj
Role: EU consumer-product framework. Editorial note: Applicability to a specific product requires publication-date legal review.

S070 — U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Product classification: vibrator for therapeutic use, product code PIA.” FDA, ongoing. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpcd/classification.cfm?id=PIA
Role: Medical/nonmedical boundary. Editorial note: Does not classify every consumer vibrator or doll as a medical device.

S071 — U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. “Business guidance.” CPSC, ongoing. https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Business-Education/Business-Guidance
Role: General U.S. consumer-product duties. Editorial note: No sex-doll-specific universal certification should be inferred.

S072 — Commonwealth of Australia. “Criminal Code Act 1995.” Federal Register of Legislation, current consolidated text. https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A04868/latest/text
Role: Australian criminal-law framework. Editorial note: Current provisions and definitions are live-check required.

S073 — Australian Border Force. “Prohibited goods: pornography and objectionable material.” Australian Government, ongoing. https://www.abf.gov.au/importing-exporting-and-manufacturing/prohibited-goods/categories/pornography
Role: Import controls. Editorial note: Current scope and enforcement are live-check required.

S074 — United Kingdom. “Obscene Publications Act 1959.” legislation.gov.uk, 1959. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/7-8/66/contents
Role: UK obscenity history. Editorial note: Current interpretation depends on case law and prosecutorial guidance.

S075 — United Kingdom. “Customs and Excise Management Act 1979.” legislation.gov.uk, 1979. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/2/contents
Role: UK import enforcement. Editorial note: Current application is live-check required.

S076 — Crown Prosecution Service. “Obscene Publications.” CPS legal guidance, ongoing. https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/obscene-publications
Role: UK prosecution policy. Editorial note: Guidance can change and is not a substitute for legal advice.

S077 — Government of Canada. “Criminal Code, section 163.1.” Justice Laws Website, current consolidated text. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/section-163.1.html
Role: Canadian criminal-law framework. Editorial note: Application to objects and imports is fact-specific and live-check required.

S078 — United States. “19 U.S.C. § 1305—Immoral articles; importation prohibited.” Legal Information Institute, current. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/19/1305
Role: U.S. import-obscenity history. Editorial note: Current enforcement and constitutional limits require legal review.

S079 — U.S. Congress. “H.R. 4655 (115th Congress), CREEPER Act of 2017.” Congress.gov, 2017. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/4655
Role: U.S. childlike-doll proposal. Editorial note: A passed chamber bill is not the same as enacted federal law.

S080 — European Union. “Regulation (EU) 2016/679, General Data Protection Regulation.” EUR-Lex, 2016. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj
Role: Connected-device data protection. Editorial note: Application depends on actors, data, and jurisdiction.

S081 — Federal Trade Commission. “Internet of Things: Privacy and security guidance.” FTC, ongoing. https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/privacy-security/internet-things
Role: Connected-product privacy. Editorial note: Current guidance and enforcement are live-check required.

S082 — National Institute of Standards and Technology. “NIST Privacy Framework.” NIST, ongoing. https://www.nist.gov/privacy-framework
Role: Privacy risk management. Editorial note: Voluntary framework, not product certification.

S083 — National Institute of Standards and Technology. “Cybersecurity for the Internet of Things.” NIST, ongoing. https://www.nist.gov/itl/applied-cybersecurity/nist-cybersecurity-iot-program
Role: Connected-device security. Editorial note: General framework rather than sex-doll-specific testing.

S084 — California Department of Justice. “California Consumer Privacy Act.” State of California, ongoing. https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa
Role: California privacy law. Editorial note: Current thresholds and amendments are live-check required.

S085 — European Union. “Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence.” EUR-Lex, 2024. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj
Role: AI-system regulatory context. Editorial note: Application to a companion system requires product-specific review.

S086 — U.S. Copyright Office. “Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 1: Digital Replicas.” U.S. Copyright Office, 2024. https://www.copyright.gov/ai/Copyright-and-Artificial-Intelligence-Part-1-Digital-Replicas-Report.pdf
Role: Likeness and replica policy. Editorial note: Focused on digital replicas; physical replicas invoke additional state and federal law.

S087 — United States Patent and Trademark Office. “Trademark basics.” USPTO, ongoing. https://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/basics
Role: Brand and trademark context. Editorial note: General guidance.

S088 — Legal Information Institute. “Right of publicity.” Cornell Law School, ongoing. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/right_of_publicity
Role: Likeness-law orientation. Editorial note: State-law variation requires direct jurisdictional research.

S109 — U.S. Copyright Office. “Copyright and Artificial Intelligence initiative.” U.S. Copyright Office, ongoing. https://www.copyright.gov/ai/
Role: AI and copyright updates. Editorial note: Current policy is live-check required.

S110 — Federal Trade Commission. “Business guidance on artificial intelligence.” FTC, ongoing. https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/technology/artificial-intelligence
Role: AI marketing and consumer protection. Editorial note: Current guidance is live-check required.

Image rights and reuse policies #

S089 — Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Open Access Policy.” The Met, ongoing. https://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/policies-and-documents/open-access
Role: Image research. Editorial note: Object age and photograph license are separate questions.

S090 — Smithsonian Institution. “Smithsonian Open Access.” Smithsonian, ongoing. https://www.si.edu/openaccess
Role: Image research. Editorial note: Item-level rights metadata controls.

S091 — Wellcome Collection. “Using images from Wellcome Collection.” Wellcome Collection, ongoing. https://wellcomecollection.org/pages/Wuw19yIAAK1Z3Smm
Role: Image research. Editorial note: Check each item license.

S092 — Europeana. “Rights statements and reuse.” Europeana, ongoing. https://www.europeana.eu/en/rights
Role: Image research. Editorial note: Aggregator rights vary by contributing institution.

S093 — Bibliothèque nationale de France. “Conditions for using Gallica content.” BnF, ongoing. https://gallica.bnf.fr/edit/und/conditions-dutilisation-des-contenus-de-gallica
Role: Image research. Editorial note: Commercial reuse conditions require item-level review.

S094 — Library of Congress. “Legal and rights information.” Library of Congress, ongoing. https://www.loc.gov/homepage/legal.html
Role: Image research. Editorial note: Collection-level disclaimers do not guarantee rights.

S095 — Museum of Modern Art. “Copyright and terms of use.” MoMA, ongoing. https://www.moma.org/about/about-this-site/#copyright
Role: Image research. Editorial note: Bellmer images require permission analysis.

S096 — Tate. “Website terms of use.” Tate, ongoing. https://www.tate.org.uk/about-us/policies-and-procedures/website-terms-use
Role: Image research. Editorial note: Do not assume collection images are freely reusable.

S097 — Victoria and Albert Museum. “Website terms and conditions.” V&A, ongoing. https://www.vam.ac.uk/info/va-websites-terms-conditions
Role: Image research. Editorial note: Item-level licensing required.

S098 — Internet Archive. “Terms of Use.” Internet Archive, ongoing. https://archive.org/about/terms.php
Role: Digital-source reuse. Editorial note: Underlying work status and scan reuse must be assessed separately.

Owner research, terminology, and discovery databases #

S103 — Craig A. Harper and Rebecca Lievesley. “Sex Doll Ownership: An Agenda for Research.” Current Psychiatry Reports, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-01177-w
Role: Research agenda and evidence limits. Editorial note: Use the article record for bibliographic verification; do not infer owner characteristics beyond evidence.

S104 — Craig A. Harper, Rebecca Lievesley, and Katie Wanless. “Exploring the Psychological Characteristics and Risk-related Cognitions of Individuals Who Own Sex Dolls.” The Journal of Sex Research, 60(2), 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2022.2031848
Role: Owner research. Editorial note: Use individual studies and methods; avoid pathologizing owners.

S105 — PubMed. “Sex dolls and sex robots literature search.” U.S. National Library of Medicine, ongoing. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=sex+dolls+sex+robots
Role: Scientific literature discovery. Editorial note: Database results require article-level appraisal.

S106 — Oxford English Dictionary. “Dutch wife, n…” Oxford University Press, historical dictionary. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dutch-wife_n
Role: Terminology history. Editorial note: Access may require subscription; definitions and dating should be checked at publication.

S107 — Merriam-Webster. “Dutch wife.” Merriam-Webster, ongoing. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Dutch wife
Role: Modern lexical orientation. Editorial note: Not sufficient alone for colonial language history.

S108 — Google Patents. “Patent search: inflatable life-size doll.” Google Patents, ongoing. https://patents.google.com/?q=(inflatable+life-size+doll)
Role: Postwar patent discovery. Editorial note: Item-level verification required.